How the Ecological Risks of Extended Bioenergy Production can be Reduced

The extension of bioenergy as the cultivation of maize leads to problems to biological diversity in agrarian regions. With different accompanying measures, such as the conservation of near-nature areas, however, these effects could be partly reduced. Photo: Jan Engel/ FSU Jena<br>

With different accompanying measures, such as the conservation of near-nature areas, however, these effects could be partly reduced, as scientists of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena and the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) write in the current issue of the professional journal Global Change Biology Bioenergy.

Of particular importance in this context is fallow land. At the latest since the abolition of the EU-wide set-aside premium in 2009 due to the overall rising demand for agricultural products, fallow land is strongly declining and re-used for intensive agricultural production. Ecologically speaking it would be more meaningful, however, if at least part of the land would be kept off from agricultural use also in future and preserved as fallow land and field margins. “These areas have not only a high value for nature conservation and climate protection. They can also help to buffer unintended side-effects of the extension of bioenergy and thus to prevent external costs. Our model analyses therefore yield not only ecological, but also new economic arguments for the preservation of fallow land and field margins that ought to be taken into consideration in the current debate on the concept for a green economy and the new regulation of EU agricultural policy”, emphasises Professor Karin Frank from the Department of Ecological Modelling of the UFZ.
“The proposal of the EU to keep seven per cent of productive agricultural land nearly natural is currently being discussed controversially. The term ‘ecological priority areas’ refers to all extensive, nearly natural areas, such as fallow land, hedge areas, orchards or land strips along water bodies”, explains the environmental lawyer Dr. Stefan Möckel of the UFZ.

The recently published study investigated different scenarios for the extension of bioenergy in a newly developed computer model to gain a better understanding of the complex relationships at the regional landscape scale and to identify and analyse the resulting ecological risks. Different variants of accompanying nature conservation measures were also investigated in order to develop options for the reduction of the risks. For the example of the Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis), it was shown with the help of this computer model that typical consequences of the extended cultivation of energy crops, such as the thinning of the spectrum of cultivated crops and increasing spatial agglomeration to large-scale monocultures, can have negative effects on the field bird populations.

These tendencies in today's intensive agriculture can be partly counteracted by the preservation of remaining nearly natural areas and field margins. However, it was also shown that both the extent of the resulting risks and the effectiveness of the counteracting conservation measures depend upon the structure of the particular agricultural landscape and the size of the fields. The larger and more homogeneous the landscape, the more important is the conservation of highly diverse nearly natural areas and field margins.

The Eurasian skylark is the most common open land field bird in central Europe. The intensification of agriculture in recent years has resulted in a decline of around one third in their numbers. “The Eurasian skylark is a type of indicator for the ecological state of many regions used for agriculture, because they have settled in different areas of this intensively utilised open land, bred over many months on the ground in fields and fed on mainly insects and, additionally, the seeds of wild herbs and grains found there”, explains Jan Engel, the first author of the UFZ-study, who is working at the University of Jena in the meantime. “This bird species is representative for important areas of the agrarian ecosystem. An improvement in the habitat quality for the skylark would therefore also support vegetation, insects and other ground-breeding bird species”. In addition to the Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis), the researchers are currently investigating the effects on other field birds such as the Yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava) and the Corn bunting (Emberiza calandra) with their model in order to be able to make more extensive statements in future.

“The results of our study are a contribution to the debate about the ecological impact of extended bioenergy production. They underscore the need to adapt accompanying nature conservation measures to the regional conditions where possible”, concludes Professor Andreas Huth from the UFZ. For the evaluation of the impact of bioenergy, the researchers therefore recommend also to take the differences in regional landscape types, such as the mean size of fields, into account. Above all, they underpin the importance of creating incentives for the preservation and establishment of ecological priority areas, such as fallow land, in the context of the impending EU agricultural reform.
Tilo Arnhold

Publication:
Engel, J., Huth, A., and Frank, K. (2012): Bioenergy production and Skylark (Alauda arvensis) population abundance – a modelling approach for the analysis of land-use change impacts and conservation options. GCB Bioenergy. DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01170.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01170.x
The investigations were supported by the Helmholtz Association and the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN).

Notice for representatives of the media:
This paper is published in GCB Bioenergy. To request a copy contact GCB-Bioenergy@igb.uiuc.edu or +00 (1) 217-333-9651.

Additional scientific information:
University of Jena
Dipl.-Biol. Jan Engel
Telefon: 03641-949406
http://www.ecology.uni-jena.de/Mitarbeiter_innen_Inst_f_Oekologie.html
and
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
Prof. Andreas Huth
Department of Ecological Modelling
Telefon: 0341-235-1719
http://www.ufz.de/index.php?de=3983
Prof. Karin Frank
Department of Ecological Modelling
Telefon: 0341-235-1279
http://www.ufz.de/index.php?de=5457
Dr. Stefan Möckel
Department of Environmental Law
Telefon: 0341-235-1693
http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=12908
or via
Tilo Arnhold (UFZ Press Office)
Phone: +49-341-235-1635
www.ufz.de/index.php?en=640

Additional Links:
Working Group Bioenergy Systems Analysis
http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=20902
Land use conflicts related to the production of bioenergy
http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=17615
Stopping the Loss of Biodiversity – Biodiversity Protection in Rural Areas
http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=17894

GCB Bioenergy is a scientific journal which appears every two months and concentrates on the biological sciences and the production of fuels from plants, algae and waste materials.
http://www.gcbbioenergy.org

Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical and medical publishing house of John Wiley & Sons with particular interest in large academic and professional areas and partnerships with many of the world's leading societies. Wiley-Blackwell publishes nearly 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than 1,500 new books annually – in addition to databases, reference works and important laboratory reports.
http://www.wileyblackwell.com

At the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) scientists are researching the causes and consequences of far-reaching changes to the environment. They are concerned with water resources, biological diversity, the consequences of climate change and adaptability, environmental and biotechnologies, bioenergy, the behaviour of chemicals in the environment, their effect on health, modelling and social science issues. Their guiding theme: Our research contributes to the sustainable use of natural resources and helps to secure this basis for life over the long term under the effects of global change. The UFZ employs 1,000 people in Leipzig, Halle and Magdeburg. It is financed by the federal government and the federal states of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt.
http://www.ufz.de/

The Helmholtz Association contributes towards solving major and pressing social, scientific and economic issues with scientific excellence in six research areas: Energy, Earth and Environment, Health, Key Technologies, Structure of Matter, Aeronautics, Aerospace and Transport. The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s largest scientific organisation with over 33,000 employees in 18 research centres and an annual budget of approximately 3.4 billion euros. Its work stands in the tradition of the naturalist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894).

http://www.helmholtz.de

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Tilo Arnhold UFZ News

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