Celebrex provides a two pronged attack against prostate cancer

Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor with promising anti-cancer properties, has now been found to attack prostate cancer cells in a second way that differs from Vioxx (rofecoxib), another anti-inflammatory drug that also inhibits COX-2.

In studies published in the March 1 issue of the journal Clinical Cancer Research, scientists at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University revealed that celecoxib, marketed under the name Celebrex, not only targets COX-2, but also reduces levels of a key protein, cyclin D1, that’s critical for cell replication. “It is well established that COX-2 is a significant and rational target for anti-cancer therapy,” said Andrew Dannenberg, M.D., director of cancer prevention at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University and senior author of the paper. “These studies suggest that celecoxib exerts a second mode of action independent of its known anti-inflammatory mechanism that imposes further restrictions on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The results provide potentially important insights into our understanding of the overall anti-tumor activity of selective COX-2 inhibitors.”

Dannenberg and a team of investigators discovered this new mechanism by applying celecoxib to prostate cancer cells that failed to express COX-2. Here, the scientists observed that the celecoxib-treated cancer cells did not replicate as rapidly as untreated cells. After further analysis, they found the drug worked by suppressing amounts of cyclin D1, a protein that’s essential if cells are to grow, divide and spread.

The scientists also attempted to replicate the experiment with Vioxx substituting for celecoxib. In this case, the prostate cancer cells continued to flourish. “These results support the notion of a unique action by celecoxib that is independent of COX-2, and that’s different from Vioxx,” said Dannenberg. “These beneficial effects were observed at concentrations of celecoxib that occur in humans,” added Dannenberg. “This increases the likelihood that our findings are clinically relevant.”

Dannenberg and his colleagues then demonstrated that celecoxib worked in animals that served as hosts for human prostate tumors. In this animal model, celecoxib not only was shown to reduce proliferation of cancer cells, but also reduced the growth of blood vessels at the tumor sites. As a result, tumor mass and blood vessel density in the treated animals was about half that observed in the untreated animals.

Contributing to the studies, along with Dannenberg, were Kotha Subbaramaiah, Baoheng Du and Mindy Chang from Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, N.Y.; Manish Patel, Carlos Cardon-Cardo, and Howard Thaler, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y.; and Peiying Yang and Robert Newman, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.